The Tesla Model S is a battery-electric, four-door full-size car that was produced by the American automaker Tesla from 2012 to 2026. The automaker's second vehicle, the Model S has been described as one of the most influential electric cars in the industry. Its various accolades include the Motor Trend Car of the Year Award in 2013.
Tesla started developing the Model S around 2007 under the codename WhiteStar, with Henrik Fisker appointed as lead designer for the project. After a dispute with Elon Musk, Tesla's CEO, Fisker was replaced by Franz von Holzhausen who, by 2008, had designed the production Model S's exterior. Tesla unveiled a prototype of the vehicle in March 2009 in Hawthorne, California. In 2010, Tesla acquired a facility in Fremont, California, to produce the Model S, which was previously owned by General Motors and Toyota. Series manufacture of the car officially began at the Tesla Fremont Factory in June 2012. Tesla carried out the final assembly for European markets at its facilities in Tilburg, Netherlands, between 2013 and 2021.
Constructed mostly of aluminum, the Model S shares 30 percent of its components with the Model X—a crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015. The Model S underwent several updates during its production, the most prominent ones occurring in 2016 and 2021. These updates usually included modifications to the motor, such as changes to power or torque, revised exterior elements, and refreshed interior features. One such change included the 2015 introduction of Tesla Autopilot—a partial vehicle automation advanced driver-assistance system. The 2021 update led to the introduction of the high-performance, three-motor Plaid. Tesla ended production of the car in May 2026.
In 2015, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle. In 2012, it was included on Time's list of the Best Inventions of the Year, and the magazine later included it on its list of the 10 Best Gadgets of the 2010s in 2019. Car and Driver included it one its list of the best cars of the year in 2015 and 2016. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph described the Model S as a "car that changed the world". Road & Track argued that, with the introduction of the Plaid and features such as the yoke steering wheel, Tesla managed to turn the Model S into "perhaps one of the worst [cars in the world]".
Tesla allocated its initial 1000 Model S units to the "Signature" limited edition configurations. The AC induction motor of the base Signature model generates a power output of 362 hp and a torque output of 439 N⋅m. The Signature Performance's motor produces 416 hp and 601 N⋅m. Both models incorporate an 85 kilowatt-hour (kWh) lithium-ion battery, and have an all-electric range of 426 km.
The laste generation Model S had a top version that produced a total output of 1020 hp and 1050 N⋅m, providing the car with a 0 to 100 km/h acceleration of 2 seconds and a maximum speed of 322 km/h, with a range of 630 km.
Musk announced that production of the Model S and Model X would cease by mid‑2026, following an 11 percent year‑over‑year decline in Tesla's automotive revenue in 2025. He also stated that the Fremont facility, where the vehicles are manufactured, would be repurposed for production of Tesla's forthcoming Optimus robot. The final units of both the Model S and Model X rolled off the Fremont line on May 13, 2026.
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